Writing
Ideas you can read, try, and question.
I start each tutorial with a picture or example, then develop a model you can test with tools. The labs let you see the idea in action and repeat the checks yourself.
Cyborg Economy essays
What AI changes about work, science, markets, and measurement.
Four essays on how people can use AI to research, create, and participate in an automated economy, and how I would measure the results.
How people and AI agents could create new economic opportunities, with calculations showing how fees could fund useful tasks.
Essay 02 PopperPad and the Cyborg ScientistWhen answers become cheap, deciding what is worth testing and preserving the evidence becomes more valuable. The syntax/semantic boundary between agents and humans.
Essay 03 ZenoDEX and the Right to ParticipateHow an exchange could give people more ways to participate, with calculations showing how fees could fund tasks.
Essay 04 How I Measure Code After AISix ways to assess software: opportunity, verification, control, openness, portability, and concentration.
ZenoFCIS learning path
From immutable values to atomic effects.
This path accompanies the public ZenoFCIS library. It starts with the architectural boundary, develops deterministic composition, and ends with the concrete Rust workflow.
How immutable values and pure transitions create inspectable boundaries between semantic computation and effects.
Composition Deterministic by ConstructionHow deterministic architecture, process networks, compositionality, and design synthesis share the same mathematical shape.
Library guide ZenoFCIS in PracticeBuild and check a Rust system with pure decisions, canonical patches, atomic commits, and replay. The guide explains the current limits of the library.
Read the tutorials in order, then inspect the library beside them. The tutorials explain the design, and the repository lets you run its checks.
Interactive labs
Learn by trying it.
Each lab uses a small model to make an idea visible and let you repeat the checks. Its conclusions apply to the stated model and assumptions.
Concrete run, path condition, branch flip, bounded solve, replay. Companion to Tutorial 35.
Witness search Grammar Witness Search LabCompare searching through bytes with generating valid syntax, using the same test for an invalid state.
Witness search Grammar-to-Solver Handoff LabStructured generation stays valid, then hands off to a bounded solver when the obstacle is semantic.
Witness search Witness Space ExplorerProposal distributions, acceptance regions, and found witnesses moving against each other.
Loop geometry Hybrid Loop Comparison LabCompare direct control with two hybrid loops on the same bounded task.
Loop geometry Galois Loop LabWatch obligation carving over a finite relation universe and see how the quotient changes repair.
Loop geometry Verifier-Compiler LabSee verifier labels collapse into a smaller symbolic controller, and inspect when compression is pure.
Loop geometry Temporal Label Basis LabCompare coarse and richer temporal label bases; see why the stronger basis becomes exact only after the right first carve.
State and shape Vending Machine ExplorerA small live state machine for learning states, transitions, and invariants before things get abstract.
State and shape Shape Evolution ExplorerMove through shape choices and see how adding clauses changes reachable system behaviors.
State and shape ZenoDEX Shape Pruning LabTreat clauses as structural blockers on disaster states and inspect what each strengthening step removes.
Optimization TauEnergy WorkbenchMeasured route ranking, verifier authority, license-aware JSON metrics, and local replay commands.
Markets & alignment Market for Behaviors LabAnimated graphs for the incentive map, supply-demand curves, compression loss, and the feedback loop. Watch diversity collapse as the loop tightens.
Foundations
State, abstraction, and modeling.
Start here if you are new to formal methods. Each tutorial starts with a picture or example, then develops a model you can test with tools.
- 01Approximate state tracking
State machines, abstraction, counterexamples, CEGIS, and the boundaries between heuristics and proofs. Start inside a card counter's head, then zoom out.
- 02Isomorphism
Why some "different abstractions" are the same thing in different clothes, and how to move problems into better toolchains.
- 03Tau Language
Read and write small executable specifications by listing invariants first, then letting a solver produce behaviors that satisfy them.
- 04World models and continuous learning
Why internal models are more than prediction, why test-time learning is powerful, and why invariants matter when the model can drift.
- 05Software shapes and ZenoDEX
Start from arcade, ATM, and vending-machine intuition, then compress those shared shapes into states and invariants.
- 06Presburger arithmetic, the decidable island
Build Presburger arithmetic from zero and successor, and see why excluding multiplication makes every question decidable.
- 07Exhaustive search and path integrals
Compare proof by exhaustive search with sum-over-histories, then extend to action, weighted futures, and intelligent planning.
Neurosymbolic AI
Let models explore. Check what they find.
These tutorials show how to let models suggest actions and use deterministic checks to decide which actions can run.
- 08Reformulation and compression
How a different representation can make a problem easier, and how symbolic tools check what a model proposes.
- 09MPRD and the Algorithmic CEO
Design an architecture where models propose actions, rules control execution, and counterexamples guide improvements.
- 10Reasoning, logic, and prediction
Compare statistical prediction with logical justification, and examine the role of a dedicated solver in checking a claim.
- 11Why current LLMs are not yet AGI
Examine what reliable use of concepts and formalization requires beyond predicting language patterns.
- 12What reasoning is
Separate guessing, search, explanation, and proof using a child arithmetic example, Peano arithmetic, and the difference between discovery and justification.
- 13Neuro-symbolic reasoning and witness spaces
Use LLMs to propose witnesses and symbolic tools to check them. Explore proofs, counterexamples, synthesis, and the limits of search coverage.
- 14A perceptron in Tau Language
Build a perceptron from formulas and run a bounded classifier in Tau. Inspect the classifier checks and the learning process that runs outside Tau.
- 15Quantifier factoring and neuro-symbolic loop engineering
Use quantifiers to understand how model proposals and formal checks interact in counterexample search, certificate compression, and fixed point reasoning.
- 16Formal neural networks
What would it take for a neural network to count as a computer in a strong sense, and what routes could get there?
- 17Prompt engineering and precision communication
Reduce ambiguity by making structure explicit. Connect reformulation to state explosion. Try a transpiler that turns controlled language into specs.
- 18Predictive reading, scrambling, invariants, and proof
Build an interactive scrambler app, verify logic invariants, and separate formal proof from empirical proof-by-witness.
- 19Platonic AI, applied AI, and replication boundaries
Where the idealized model of AI meets the applied one, and why replication boundaries matter for assurance claims.
Verification and proof
Put a claim to the test.
The craft of formal verification: trusted cores, refutation, counterexamples, and the difference between proof in a closed formal world and corroboration in an open empirical one.
- 20Microkernels and micro-models
Use seL4 to study how small components can be proved and combined under checked assumptions.
- 21Resolution, refutation, and falsification
Put logical refutation and Popperian falsification side by side. Separate proof in a closed formal world from corroboration in an open empirical one.
- 22Consciousness, computationalism, and Rice's theorem
If consciousness is a nontrivial semantic property of computation, then no general Turing-machine detector can decide it from arbitrary encodings.
- 23Counterexample-guided requirements discovery
Recover missing requirements from witness structure, observation quotients, and minimal separator policies.
- 24Concolic testing and branch exploration
Learn branch exploration as witness search: concrete execution gives one real path, symbolic path constraints steer the next run.
- 25Grammar-based fuzzing and structured search
Generate inputs from a grammar so more test cases reach the program behavior you want to inspect.
- 26Attacking hard problems with Church's synthesis problem
Define Church synthesis, examine which questions are decidable, and use smaller subproblems and invariants to manage complexity.
- 27Proof quality curation
What separates a proof that checks from a proof that communicates, and how to curate a proof library for reviewer trust.
- 28What makes a proof library expert-grade
The difference between a collection of checking proofs and a library that an expert reviewer can navigate, trust, and extend.
CEGIS and loop geometry
How models and checkers work together.
When does a counterexample-guided loop converge? When can verifier behavior itself be compressed into a reusable controller? These tutorials examine the conditions for convergence and reuse.
- 29Galois loops and obligation carving
Use Galois connections and formal concept analysis to study how counterexamples refine requirements and policies. Inspect the bounded proof and measurements.
- 30Verifier-compiler loops
Study when verifier behavior can become a symbolic controller that routes, ranks, or rejects proposals before full verification.
- 31Loop-space geometry
Factor neurosymbolic loops into witness languages, quotients, separator policies, label bases, and compiled artifacts.
- 32Hybrid geometry-changing loops
Compare direct control with a process that first resolves ambiguity and then handles the remaining cases.
- 33Temporal label functions and staged bases
Study how an initial partition affects which distinctions a later set of labels can express exactly.
- 34How counterexamples become fast formal recognizers
Turn counterexamples into recognizers that filter proposals before the expensive verifier runs.
Tau Language
Write rules you can run.
Explore Tau Language: its decidable fragments, its optimizers, and what bounded prototypes can establish compared with full theorem proving.
- 35The countable Cantor algebra and its completion
Why the clopen algebra of Cantor space is the unique countable atomless Boolean algebra, and what its completion adds.
- 36TABA, formula by formula
Read the Boolean algebra behind TABA step by step, including formulas for quantifier elimination and guarded successors.
- 37Safe infinite-recursive tables in Tau Language
Pointwise revision, fixed-point semantics, runnable demos, and the boundary between this prototype and full TABA tables.
- 38Optimizing Tau Language, Part I
Choose an optimization method according to the formula fragment, using BDDs and CNF where the required checks pass.
- 39Temporal Tau, Part I
Explore LTL operators over bounded time horizons in Tau, the reasons those formulas are decidable, and ways to optimize them.
- 40Optimizing Tau Language, Part II
Search for faster rewrites and accept a candidate only when its certificate passes a trusted checker.
- 41Optimizing Tau Language, Part III
Detect blowup risk before solving, compress unused variables, and use route prediction without replacing proof certificates.
- 42Official LTL(ABA) in Tau Language
Ohad Asor's upstream Tau LTL(ABA) design, compared to the bounded Temporal Tau fragment.
- 43Controlled English and explanation certificates
Translate a governance sentence into a counting formula with two variables, then prove the translation is sound.
- 44Bounded game tables in Tau Language
Model a bounded game between two players as a Tau table. Inspect the winning regions and the limits of the result.
- 45Neuro-symbolic Boolean algebras in Tau Language
Connect neural proposal distributions to Boolean constraints in Tau and test the conditions under which the connection holds.
- 46EML trees as neuro-symbolic hypotheses
Use EML trees to generate, rank, and test symbolic hypotheses. Examine what the bounded tests establish and which claims require a proof.
- 47Symbolic hypothesis generation with EML and QNs
Generate symbolic hypotheses from EML trees and quotient networks, then verify them against bounded Tau specs.
- 48Optimizing Tau Language, Part IV
Sparse impact factor solving: identify which variables actually matter for a given query, and skip the rest.
- 49Optimizing Tau Language, Part V
Energy-based route telemetry: measure which optimizer routes work, and feed the measurements back into route selection.
- 50Energy-based models as fast optimizers
A tiny energy scorer ranks bounded candidate sets for Tau and ZenoDEX. Verifier authority stays separate.
- 51TauEnergy Workbench
Use formulas checked by Tau to measure optimizer routes and train a small ranker. Repeat the demo to check how the ordering changes.
- 52TauEnergy chat architecture
Connect an LLM interface, TauEnergy ranking, TauJEPA analysis of failures, and Tau verification in one assistant.
Applications
Medical, DeFi, and post-AGI economics.
Where the theory meets real domains: bounded medical workflows, exchange disaster-state defense, and toy economies for profit agents.
- 53Medical deciders, MPRD, and Tau
Map bounded medical workflows into the MPRD shape, then use educational Tau policies to separate model proposals from execution authority.
- 54Decidable medical machines, from formulas to Tau
A calorie calculator and a kidney follow-up workflow, viewed as math, logic, a decision tree, a finite-state machine, code, and a Tau spec.
- 55Neuro-symbolic DeFi defense
Use the USD 285M Drift Protocol incident to study how failures can combine across components and how defensive checks can be tested.
- 56ZenoDEX shape transition
Compare two ZenoDEX designs and examine the stated domains in which formulas and verification rules exclude specified failure states.
- 57Profit agents, post-AGI economics, and mechanism design
Study bounded toy economies for profit agents under explicit assumptions, then climb from platform incentives to routing, trust, and mechanism design.
Philosophy
What it means to justify a claim, and what learning is.
The philosophical core: entropy, consciousness, clean code in the agentic era, the boundary between proof and corroboration, and a formal framework for what learning is across behaviorism, economics, and AI.
- 58What makes a good software engineer, and what clean code means
Assess engineering by the experience it creates for the user, how the software behaves, and the evidence supporting it.
- 59Entropy control, life, and consciousness
How entropy reduction connects living systems, computational systems, and the boundary where consciousness might enter.
- 60Software hardening as entropy reduction
Use entropy reduction as an analogy for hardening software. Examine how enforcement, tests, and proofs help address possible failures.
- 61Training data survival scripts and AI safety gates
What survives into a trained model, what does not, and how safety gates at training time differ from gates at inference time.
- EssayA Market for Behaviors: What Learning Is
Learning, whether in animals, humans, or AI, is the process of adjusting behavior probabilities based on reward signals. Those reward signals are set by a market for behaviors. Five layers: behavioral spectrum, incentive map, market, training as compression, alignment as market design. With an interactive lab.
Proof fabrics and functional architecture
Recursive evidence, exact-once resources, and deterministic boundaries.
These tutorials connect governed proof composition to typed resource transitions, then develop the functional-core architecture used by ZenoFCIS.
- 62ZRPF and recursive proof composition
Follow authenticated ZenoDEX leaves through a bounded recursive tree, with explicit boundaries for evidence, privacy, admission, and performance claims.
- 63ZRM + ZRPF
Connect recursive proof roots to typed resources, exact-once nullifiers, governed policy, journal stages, and atomic commit.
- 64Functional Core, Imperative Shell
Use immutable values and pure transitions to make subsystem boundaries explicit and inspectable.
- 66Deterministic by Construction
Move from deterministic operating systems and process networks into composition, compositionality, and design synthesis.
- 67ZenoFCIS in Practice
Apply the architecture in Rust with canonical patches, bound candidate bundles, atomic commit, and idempotent replay.
Full index
A growing tutorial library, organized and searchable.
The full tutorial index with suggested reading paths is on the repo's GitHub Pages site.